Electric vehicles (EVs) have revolutionized the way we think about transportation, offering a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. At the heart of this innovation lies the EV battery, a key component that powers these vehicles and determines their range and efficiency. In this article, we’ll dive into how EV batteries work and explore the various types of batteries commonly used in electric vehicles, shedding light on the technology propelling us toward a more modern and greener future.
1/ How does the EV battery work?
The electric vehicle’s battery pack transfers electrical energy to a controller responsible for operating the electric motor(s) in the car. Envision the battery as a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electrical power. Internally, the battery comprises electrochemical cells, each consisting of two half-cells referred to as electrodes. One half-cell functions as the negative electrode, housing negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons. The other half-cell serves as the positive electrode, devoid of electrons. Upon connecting the negative and positive electrodes, electrons move from the negative side to the positive side, constituting an electric flow. This generated energy propels the electric motor in the EV. As electron movement persists, their velocity gradually decreases, leading to a drop in the battery’s voltage. When the flow diminishes to the point where positive and negative sides have an equal number of electrons, the battery ceases to produce an electric current flow.
‘Prostech specializes in providing solutions for electric vehicle batteries. Access this article to learn more about the solutions for bonding battery cells in electric vehicles with just a simple click.’
2/ Types of batteries commonly used in electric vehicles
a/ Lithium-ion batteries
The most dominant battery type using EVs is lithium-ion batteries with cathodes composed of lithium along with additional metals. In Europe and the US, the prevalent cathode blends are nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC) or nickel, manganese, cobalt, and aluminum (NMCA). Graphite is the most commonly used material for anodes in these batteries. According to the IEA report. “ In 2022, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) remained the dominant battery chemistry with a market share of 60%, followed by lithium iron phosphate (LFP) with a share of just under 30%, and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) with a share of about 8%.” Most big EV makers like Tesla, and Jaguar are using this type of battery because it has high energy density which provides a high possibility to produce a smaller size battery then others while retaining the same storage capacity. Additionally, it also Performs well at high temperatures, has a low self-discharge level, can be recycled and it offers an immensely high Power-to-weight ratio making the EVs more energy efficient.
‘Join us to explore the Solution for Heating System in the Battery Pack. Access this post to discover the most comprehensive material solutions provided by Prostech.’
b/ Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) was commercially introduced in the late 1980s, mostly used in Hybrid EVs (HEVs) but also can be used in battery EVs (BEVs). With more than 60% of the worldwide market for NiMH batteries in 2019, Toyota is the dominant OEM in the HEV vehicle industry. Compared to LiBs, NiMHs have a better life cycle and a safer intolerant use. However, it also has certain limitations, particularly, their inability to hold onto stored energy for extended periods is caused by their relatively high self-discharge rate and larger initial cost.
c/ Lithium Ferro phosphate (LFP)
In the upcoming year, lithium ferro phosphate (LFP) will become more common thanks to the improvement of power density, voltage, energy density, cycle life, discharge rate, temperature, and safety.
d/ Solid-state batteries
The newest and most advanced technological innovation is solid-state batteries, which employ special technology. Solid-state batteries are different from conventional batteries in that they use a solid electrolyte rather than a liquid one. A significant improvement in energy density is the outcome of this fundamental shift. These batteries exhibit enhanced stability and a decreased likelihood of leakage or overheating, rendering them safer for a range of applications, including electric automobiles.
‘Besides delivering comprehensive and material solutions, Prostech also presents design and component solutions to address the challenges faced by electric vehicles. Do not hesitate to contact us to discover customized solutions for your electric vehicle requirements.’
3/ Alternative types of batteries are being developed to replace Lithium-ion batteries
a/ Sodium-ion batteries
Sodium-ion batteries: not only because of the abundance of Sodium, but also, it doesn’t rely on nickel, cobalt, or manganese. It has increased thermal stability compared to Li-ion batteries and is particularly suited to static storage – making it ideal for low-cost EVs, including e-bikes. The global market for sodium-ion batteries is predicted to reach $4 billion by 2031.
b/ Hydro fuel cell
Hydro fuel cell: Unlike LiBs, it seems to be a cleaner and greener energy supply which includes generating power and water vapor by fusing oxygen in the air with hydrogen gas that has been stored. Nevertheless, hydrogen fuel cells continue to have some drawbacks. In the automobile sector, for instance, a network of hydrogen filling stations has to be established. Only a few places in the globe have the infrastructure necessary to refuel the hydrogen tank of automobiles like the Toyota Mirai, even though hydrogen fuel cells are quite expensive to construct in the first place.
c/ Graphene batteries
Graphene batteries: Researchers are investigating the potential of graphene technology to enhance energy storage capacity and decrease charging durations. Although there is considerable excitement about graphene as a possible substitute for lithium-ion batteries, practical applications in commercial products are currently unattainable. The primary obstacle lies in its cost, which is the major factor hindering the widespread adoption of graphene in the industry at present.
d/ Aqueous metal-ion batteries
Aqueous metal-ion batteries: use water as the electrolyte to eliminate the risk of fire. Researchers have suggested utilizing magnesium ions as charge carriers in batteries, citing various advantages such as magnesium’s abundant availability and higher ionic charge compared to lithium. Despite these benefits, there are significant challenges to address. Current cathode materials designed for lithium-ion batteries may not be compatible with magnesium ions, necessitating the development of new materials. Additionally, the use of an aqueous electrolyte imposes a voltage limitation on magnesium-ion batteries, as water in the electrolyte breaks down at higher voltages.
‘By engaging in efficient experimentation and collaborating with others in electric vehicle projects, Prostech has developed specialized material and design solutions to enhance various aspects of electric vehicles. You can easily access this valuable information with just a click within the limitations of this post.’
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, understanding the mechanics behind EV batteries and the diversity of battery types used in electric vehicles is essential as we move towards a more sustainable future. As technology advances, the development of more efficient, longer-lasting batteries promises to enhance the performance and appeal of electric vehicles. Stay updated with the latest in EV battery technology and join us in driving the green revolution forward.
